Economic Returns and Carbon Footprint Analysis of Organic Versus Conventional Horticultural Production Systems in Plateau State

The transition to organic horticultural production systems is simultaneously promoted as an environmental sustainability strategy and a market differentiation tool for premium product pricing. However, comparative evidence on the economic returns and carbon footprints of organic versus conventional systems under Nigerian conditions is limited. This study analyzes the economic returns and carbon footprints of organic and conventional production systems for three horticultural crops, carrot, tomato, and onion, among commercial farmers in Plateau State. Life cycle assessment methodology was applied to quantify carbon footprints across production stages including soil preparation, fertilization, pest management, and post-harvest handling. Farm enterprise budget analysis was conducted for 25 organic and 25 conventional farms in each crop category. Results indicate that organic production systems generate lower carbon footprints by 35 to 50 percent compared to conventional systems, primarily through elimination of synthetic fertilizer and pesticide manufacture. Economic returns were comparable for carrot and onion but lower for tomato under organic management due to pest management challenges. The study concludes that organic horticultural production in Plateau State is economically viable for most crops and environmentally superior, supporting its promotion as a component of Nigeria's climate-smart agriculture agenda. Keywords: organic horticulture, carbon footprint, economic returns, life cycle assessment, Plateau State