Evaluation of Tricycle Operations as a Mode of Urban Transport in Onitsha, Anambra State

Tricycles, commonly referred to as Keke NAPEP or Keke Marwa, have emerged as a popular and versatile mode of short-distance urban transport in many Nigerian cities, filling mobility gaps left by inadequate formal public transit systems. This study evaluates the operational characteristics, socioeconomic contributions, and regulatory challenges of tricycle transport services in Onitsha, Anambra State. A descriptive survey design was employed, collecting data from 200 tricycle operators and 150 passengers through structured questionnaires, supplemented by observations at major tricycle terminals. The study examines fare structures, route coverage, operator income levels, safety practices, and regulatory compliance. Findings indicate that tricycles serve as the primary mode of mobility for over 60 percent of short-distance trips in Onitsha, particularly in areas not served by buses. Average daily operator income is estimated at 6,500 naira, though fuel costs consume over 40 percent of gross earnings. Safety concerns are highlighted, with over 70 percent of operators having no formal road safety training and few wearing protective gear. Regulatory compliance is low, with most operators lacking valid commercial permits. The study recommends the formalisation of tricycle transport through cooperative licensing schemes, mandatory safety training, route regulation to reduce conflicts with heavy vehicles, and a fare review mechanism linked to fuel prices. These findings contribute to urban mobility management literature for medium-sized Nigerian cities. Keywords: tricycle transport, Keke NAPEP, Onitsha, urban mobility, transport regulation.