An Empirical Study of Theological Syncretism and Its Effects on Church Membership Identity in Yoruba Churches, Oyo State

Theological syncretism, the mixing of Christian doctrine with traditional religious beliefs and practices, is a documented feature of Christian life in Yoruba communities, yet its prevalence, forms, and effects on church membership identity in contemporary Oyo State churches have not been empirically examined. This study empirically investigates the prevalence and forms of theological syncretism and its effects on Christian identity among church members in Oyo State. A cross-sectional mixed-methods design was adopted, with a 35-item theological belief and practice questionnaire administered to 400 adult Christians from twelve churches in Ibadan, Ogbomosho, and Oyo. Syncretism was measured across four categories: ancestor consultation, use of traditional protective charms, belief in Yoruba divination alongside Christianity, and dual participation in traditional religious ceremonies. Christian identity was assessed through identity salience, doctrinal commitment, and ethical alignment. Regression analysis identified significant predictors of syncretism levels. Results indicate that 44 percent of respondents engage in at least one syncretic practice despite Christian profession. Syncretism is inversely associated with Christian identity salience (r = -0.39, p < 0.001) and doctrinal commitment. Lower educational attainment and weak church community integration are significant predictors of higher syncretism levels. The study makes an original empirical contribution to the Yoruba Christianity literature and recommends that Oyo State churches develop catechetical programmes specifically addressing the doctrinal and pastoral dimensions of the Christianity-traditional religion interface. Keywords: theological syncretism, Yoruba Christianity, church identity, Oyo State, empirical study