Empirical Assessment of Environmental Risk Factors for Childhood Lead Poisoning in Peri-Urban Zamfara State

Lead poisoning from artisanal gold mining activities in Zamfara State represents one of the most severe environmental health emergencies in Nigerian history, and empirical assessment of environmental exposure pathways and childhood blood lead levels in affected peri-urban communities remains essential for ongoing remediation monitoring. This study empirically assessed environmental risk factors for childhood lead poisoning in peri-urban communities in Anka LGA, Zamfara State, North West Nigeria. A cross-sectional analytical study was conducted enrolling 280 children aged 12 to 72 months from 14 communities stratified by proximity to historic artisanal mining sites. Blood lead levels were measured using a LeadCare II portable analyser. Environmental sampling of household soil, water, and dust was conducted using atomic absorption spectrophotometry. Risk factors assessed included distance from active or historical mining sites, household soil lead concentration, caregiver mining activity, use of local grinding mills, and handwashing practices. Results showed a mean blood lead level of 48.3 micrograms per decilitre, far exceeding the CDC reference value of 3.5 micrograms per decilitre. Household soil lead concentration was the strongest predictor of child blood lead level (beta = 0.61; p < 0.001). Active caregiver mining participation (OR 4.2; p < 0.001) and distance below one kilometre from mining sites (OR 3.8; p < 0.001) were significant risk factors. Handwashing before meals was the most significant modifiable protective factor (OR 0.38; p < 0.001). The study recommends continued soil remediation monitoring, strict lead exposure pathway control, and regular blood lead surveillance in affected Zamfara communities.