Application of DNA Profiling in Paternity Disputes and Criminal Cases in Oyo State

DNA profiling has transformed forensic science by enabling precise biological identification for both criminal investigations and civil matters such as paternity disputes. This study examines the application of DNA profiling in paternity disputes and selected criminal cases handled within Oyo State between 2020 and 2024. A descriptive survey approach was employed, drawing on structured interviews with twelve professionals at the University College Hospital Ibadan genetics laboratory, twelve legal practitioners, and review of twenty-five case files involving DNA evidence. The study evaluates sampling methods, laboratory accreditation, turnaround times, and the evidential value of DNA profiling in Nigerian courts. Findings indicate a growing demand for DNA testing services, particularly in paternity disputes, which constituted seventy percent of requests received at the sampled laboratory. Criminal case referrals were constrained by cost barriers, with the average DNA analysis fee exceeding the financial capacity of most police commands. Courts in Oyo State demonstrated increasing receptivity to DNA evidence, though expert witness presentation skills were identified as a limiting factor in three reviewed criminal cases. Recommendations include the establishment of subsidised forensic DNA testing services within state forensic laboratories and the development of judicial capacity-building programmes on scientific evidence interpretation. Keywords: DNA profiling, paternity dispute, criminal investigation, Oyo State, forensic laboratory.