Biochemical Assessment of Nutritional Status of Orphans in Selected Orphanages in Anambra State

Orphaned children in institutional care are a particularly vulnerable population for nutritional deficiencies due to limited dietary diversity and inadequate nutritional management in many Nigerian orphanage facilities. This study assesses the nutritional status of orphans in selected orphanages in Anambra State using anthropometric and biochemical indicators. One hundred and twelve children aged two to fifteen years residing in four orphanages in Awka, Nnewi, and Onitsha were enrolled. Anthropometric assessment included weight, height, mid-upper arm circumference, and body mass index for age z-scores classified against WHO Child Growth Standards. Biochemical analysis of fasting blood samples covered haemoglobin, serum albumin, serum ferritin, 25-hydroxyvitamin D, and serum zinc by validated methods. Dietary diversity was assessed by a twenty-four-hour dietary recall and seven-day food frequency questionnaire. Results show that stunting was present in 41 percent, underweight in 34 percent, and wasting in 18 percent of orphanage children. Biochemically, serum albumin was below 35 grams per litre in 29 percent of children, indicating hypoalbuminaemia. Iron deficiency, defined as serum ferritin below 12 micrograms per litre, was present in 52 percent. Vitamin D insufficiency was found in 61 percent and zinc deficiency in 44 percent. Dietary diversity scores were low across all facilities, with most children consuming fewer than four food groups daily. The study calls for urgent nutritional policy reform in Anambra State orphanage management and regular biochemical nutritional monitoring. Keywords: nutritional status, orphans, biochemical assessment, micronutrient deficiency, Anambra State.