Evaluation of Geothermal Energy Potential Using Heat Flow Data in the Nigerian Sector of the Benue Trough

Global interest in geothermal energy as a clean energy source is growing, and Nigeria's geological setting, particularly the Benue Trough with its documented elevated heat flow anomalies and Late Cretaceous volcanic occurrences, warrants systematic evaluation of geothermal resource potential. This professional study integrates existing borehole temperature gradient data, gravity modelling results, and regional geological information to evaluate geothermal energy potential across the Nigerian Benue Trough. Available bottom-hole temperature data from petroleum exploration wells in Anambra, Cross River, and Benue states were corrected for borehole fluid circulation effects using established correction algorithms and used to derive heat flow values. A regional heat flow map constructed by kriging interpolation reveals a heat flow anomaly in excess of 80 milliwatts per square metre centred on the Abakaliki area of Ebonyi State, coinciding with exposed thermal spring locations. Gravity modelling along three profiles constrains the geometry of intrusive bodies at depth that may represent the heat source driving elevated surface heat flow. The estimated subsurface temperature at 3 kilometres depth in the high heat flow zone reaches 120 to 150 degrees Celsius, within the range suitable for binary cycle power generation. An indicative resource capacity estimate suggests a low-enthalpy geothermal resource capable of supporting small-scale power generation in off-grid communities. The study identifies two priority zones for exploratory geothermal drilling and provides a framework for geothermal resource assessment consistent with international standards. Keywords: geothermal energy, heat flow, Benue Trough, geothermal potential, low-enthalpy