Incidence and Management of Recto-Vaginal Fistula in Small Ruminants in Taraba State

Recto-vaginal fistula is an acquired communication between the rectum and vagina, most often arising as a complication of dystocia or perineal laceration during parturition in small ruminants. This study investigates the incidence, etiological factors, and surgical management outcomes of recto-vaginal fistula in goats and sheep in Taraba State, located in Nigeria's North East geopolitical zone. A hospital-based prospective study was conducted from March 2022 to February 2024 at veterinary health centers across four local government areas. Forty-one confirmed cases of recto-vaginal fistula were enrolled. Clinical examination, vaginoscopy, and digital rectal examination were used to characterize fistula location and extent. Surgical correction via a perineal approach was undertaken in 36 animals. Severe dystocia was the primary identified cause in 74% of cases. Surgical success, defined as complete fistula closure and restoration of normal fecal and urogenital elimination, was achieved in 72% of operated animals. Postoperative complications including recurrence and partial dehiscence occurred in 19% of cases, mainly in animals with large or cranially located fistulas. Preoperative nutritional optimization significantly improved healing outcomes. The study emphasizes the importance of skilled obstetric assistance during parturition and targeted training for community animal health workers in recognizing and initially managing perineal trauma in small ruminants in rural North Eastern Nigeria. Keywords: recto-vaginal fistula, small ruminant surgery, dystocia, Taraba State, perineal laceration.