Mineralogical Characterisation of Clay Deposits in Kogi State for Industrial Applications

Clay minerals represent strategically important industrial raw materials with applications spanning ceramics, brick manufacture, drilling mud formulation, and paper coating. Kogi State, situated in the North Central geopolitical zone of Nigeria, hosts extensive clay occurrences whose mineralogical compositions remain inadequately characterised for industrial deployment. This study investigates the mineralogical and physicochemical properties of clay samples collected from three localities in Kogi State, with the objective of assessing their suitability for ceramic and brick-making industries. Samples were subjected to X-ray diffraction analysis to identify mineral phases, while scanning electron microscopy provided insights into particle morphology and microstructure. Atterberg limits, particle size distribution, and plasticity index were determined in accordance with ASTM standards. Loss on ignition tests and chemical analyses were conducted to quantify oxide compositions. Comparisons are drawn against international standards for ceramic-grade clays, particularly regarding alumina-to-silica ratios and the presence of deleterious minerals such as calcite. The study further evaluates the effect of firing temperature on strength and colour development to guide potential commercial use. Outcomes are intended to assist the Kogi State Ministry of Solid Minerals and prospective investors in appraising the industrial value of these clay resources. This research ultimately supports the diversification of Nigeria's mineral economy beyond hydrocarbons. Keywords: clay mineralogy, industrial minerals, X-ray diffraction, ceramics, Kogi State.