Occupational Safety Compliance Among Welding and Fabrication Workers in Onitsha, Anambra State

Welding and metal fabrication workers occupy high-hazard occupational positions due to their exposure to ultraviolet radiation, toxic fumes, extreme heat, and mechanical injury risks. This study assessed occupational safety compliance levels and related factors among welding and fabrication workers in Onitsha, Anambra State, South East Nigeria. A cross-sectional survey was conducted among 160 workers in Onitsha's industrial market using a structured questionnaire and observational safety compliance checklist. Compliance was assessed across five safety dimensions: PPE use, fume ventilation, fire safety, electrical safety, and ergonomics. Results showed an overall safety compliance rate of 29.4 percent, with PPE compliance being the lowest (17.5%) and fire safety awareness being relatively higher (46.9%). Metal fume fever symptoms were self-reported by 52.5 percent of respondents. Back pain from awkward postures was reported by 71.3 percent, and burns were the most common acute injury, affecting 44.4 percent. Workplace safety inspections had never been experienced in 88.8 percent of sampled workshops. Key barriers to compliance were cost of safety equipment, inadequate knowledge, and absence of employer mandates. This study recommends trade association-led safety drives, subsidized PPE distribution, and engagement of Anambra State Ministry of Labour inspectors to conduct regular safety audits in Onitsha's metal fabrication industry. Keywords: welding safety, metal fabrication, occupational compliance, fume exposure, Onitsha.