Prevalence of Ectoparasites in Domestic Dogs in Enugu Urban Households

This study examines the prevalence and species diversity of ectoparasites infesting domestic dogs in urban households in Enugu State, located in Nigeria's South East geopolitical zone. Ectoparasitic infestations in companion animals are a significant veterinary and public health concern because ticks, fleas, and mites serve as vectors for a variety of zoonotic pathogens including Babesia spp., Rickettsia spp., and Dipylidium caninum. Using a cross-sectional design, 150 dogs from 100 registered and unregistered households across three urban communities in Enugu metropolis were examined. Ectoparasites were manually recovered by systematic body surface examination, identified to genus and species level using standard taxonomic keys, and quantified by infestation intensity scoring. Information on dog management practices, veterinary care attendance, and owner awareness of ectoparasite risks was collected through structured questionnaires. Findings revealed an overall ectoparasite prevalence of 78 percent, with Rhipicephalus sanguineus (brown dog tick), Ctenocephalides canis (dog flea), and Demodex canis the most commonly recorded species. Significantly higher infestation rates were observed in dogs without documented veterinary care and in households with outdoor, free-roaming management. Mixed infestations were present in 48 percent of positive cases. The study identifies gaps in owner awareness and access to veterinary services as key drivers of high ectoparasite prevalence. Recommendations include community veterinary outreach, subsidised ectoparasiticide programmes, and public health education on zoonotic risks. Keywords: ectoparasites, domestic dogs, Enugu, ticks, zoonosis.