Analysis of Feed Management Practices and Productivity of Dairy Cattle Enterprises in Kaduna State, North West Nigeria

Dairy cattle enterprises in Nigeria face significant productivity challenges related to feed scarcity, poor feed quality management, and seasonal forage availability gaps. In Kaduna State, where semi-intensive and intensive dairy systems exist alongside traditional pastoral cattle keeping, feed management practices directly determine enterprise profitability and milk output consistency. This study analysed feed management practices and productivity of dairy cattle enterprises in Kaduna State. Fifty-five dairy cattle operators of varying enterprise scales were surveyed using structured questionnaires and enterprise observation. Data covered feeding system types, feed composition, dry matter calculations, milk yield records, and feed cost structures. A feed management quality index was developed and its association with milk yield productivity assessed using regression analysis. Results revealed significant variation in feed management quality across enterprises. Farmers applying balanced ration formulations achieved average daily milk yields of 8.2 litres per cow compared to 4.6 litres for those relying solely on ad libitum pasture. Feed cost accounted for 64 percent of total dairy enterprise variable costs, making feed efficiency the central determinant of profitability. Limited access to quality feed supplements and inadequate knowledge of ration balancing were the leading management gaps. The study recommends establishing feed formulation advisory services through the Kaduna State Agricultural Development Authority and promoting farmer access to subsidised mineral supplement blocks. Keywords: feed management, dairy cattle, productivity, Kaduna State, milk yield.