Ecological Assessment of Lake Chad Ecosystem and Wildlife Resources, Borno State

Lake Chad, historically one of Africa's largest freshwater bodies, has experienced dramatic shrinkage over recent decades, with profound consequences for the biodiversity and livelihoods of communities in Borno State, within Nigeria's North East geopolitical zone. This study presents an ecological assessment of the remaining Nigerian sector of the Lake Chad basin, examining aquatic and terrestrial wildlife resources, habitat condition, and the consequences of lake recession for wildlife populations. Secondary data from remote sensing sources, Nigerian Meteorological Agency records, and published fisheries reports were synthesized alongside primary data collected through field surveys in accessible areas of the Baga and Dikwa districts. Results confirm a continued reduction in open water area and an expansion of papyrus swamp and dry grassland habitats in former lake beds. Fish species richness has declined significantly, and historically abundant waterfowl populations, including pelicans and flamingos, are now rarely observed in the Nigerian sector. The study finds that climate-driven hydrological change, compounded by agricultural water abstraction, is the primary driver of ecosystem degradation. Recommendations focus on trans-boundary water management cooperation, restoration of riparian vegetation, community-based fisheries management, and investment in alternative livelihoods for former fishing communities. Keywords: Lake Chad, ecological assessment, Borno State, North East Nigeria, freshwater biodiversity