Wildlife-Based Conflict Resolution and Co-Management in Ondo State Forest Zones

The escalation of human-wildlife conflict in Ondo State's forest zones within Nigeria's South West geopolitical zone has prompted calls for structured conflict resolution mechanisms and co-management arrangements between park authorities and farming communities. Existing conflict management approaches are largely reactive and enforcement-centric, failing to address the root causes of conflict or integrate community knowledge into resolution processes. This study investigates the effectiveness of wildlife-based conflict resolution and co-management initiatives in three forest reserve zones of Ondo State. Data were collected through structured interviews with 80 farming households, focus group discussions with community leaders and women's groups, and key informant interviews with Ondo State Forestry Commission officials and wildlife rangers. A participatory stakeholder mapping exercise was conducted to identify actors and power dynamics within each study zone. Results indicate that communities engaged in co-management arrangements report significantly fewer unresolved conflict incidents and demonstrate higher levels of trust in conservation institutions compared to control communities. Co-management structures are most effective where communities have clear, legally recognized roles in governance and where benefit-sharing includes direct financial transfers. Informal resolution mechanisms led by community leaders are valued but inconsistently applied. The study recommends the formalization of co-management agreements through legally binding instruments, investment in conflict early warning systems, and regular joint review meetings between community resource management committees and forestry authorities. Keywords: human-wildlife conflict, co-management, Ondo State, South West Nigeria, forest governance