Sahel Security Architecture and the Withdrawal of French Military Presence

Background: The phased withdrawal of French counterterrorism forces from Mali, Burkina Faso, and Niger between 2022 and 2024 marked a significant transformation in Sahelian security architecture, accompanied by growing engagement of Russian private military contractors and shifting alliance structures across the region. Aims/objectives: This study investigates how the realignment of external security partnerships has affected counterterrorism capacity and regional stability across the central Sahel during this period of geopolitical transition. Method: A qualitative case study approach was used, drawing on security incident databases, official military statements, and interviews with regional security analysts conducted throughout 2023 and 2024. Results: Findings indicate that the transition produced short-term capability gaps in aerial reconnaissance and logistics, while jihadist groups expanded territorial control in border regions previously monitored through joint operations with departing forces. Alternative security partnerships have prioritized regime protection over comprehensive counterinsurgency, with mixed effects on civilian protection outcomes and human rights conditions in affected areas. Conclusion: The research concludes that the reconfiguration of external security alliances in the Sahel reflects broader contestation over sovereignty and strategic alignment rather than purely counterterrorism considerations. Sustainable regional security is likely to depend on indigenous coalition-building, such as the Alliance of Sahel States, supported by transparent and accountable international partnerships moving forward.

Keywords: Sahel security, counterterrorism, French withdrawal, military intervention, regional stability