Management of Coastal Erosion in the Gulf of Guinea: Strategies for Shoreline Protection in Lagos State

Coastal erosion along the Gulf of Guinea shoreline represents one of the most pressing environmental management challenges in West Africa, threatening infrastructure, livelihoods, and ecological integrity. This study examined the drivers, spatial extent, and management options for coastal erosion in Lagos State, South West Nigeria. Multi-temporal satellite imagery from 2015 to 2024 was analysed to quantify shoreline change rates using digital shoreline analysis system tools. Field surveys documented erosion morphology, substrate composition, and existing protection structures at six coastal transects. Key informant interviews with Lagos State government officials and community representatives were conducted to evaluate the effectiveness of past interventions. The study found average shoreline retreat rates of 3.2 metres per year at unprotected beaches, with maximum retreat of 8.6 metres per year near Kuramo Beach. Sea wall and revetment structures reduced local retreat but caused downdrift erosion at adjacent unprotected sections. Beach nourishment trials at Bar Beach achieved temporary stabilisation but required repeated intervention. Dredging activities in Lagos Harbour were identified as a major source of sediment budget disruption. Policy analysis revealed fragmented institutional responsibilities, inadequate funding, and insufficient community consultation as barriers to effective erosion management. An integrated shoreline management plan incorporating nature-based solutions such as mangrove restoration, submerged breakwaters, and sand bypassing systems is proposed. The study recommends legislative reform to establish a coastal zone management authority with statutory enforcement powers. Keywords: coastal erosion, shoreline management, Lagos State, nature-based solutions, Gulf of Guinea.