Vitamin D Status and Musculoskeletal Health in Rural Farmers in Kebbi State

Despite Nigeria's proximity to the equator and abundant sunlight, vitamin D deficiency has been increasingly reported among various Nigerian population groups including outdoor workers. This study assesses 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels and their relationship to musculoskeletal health indicators in rural farmers in Kebbi State, North West Nigeria. A cross-sectional design was employed, recruiting 160 farmers aged 30 to 65 years from three farming communities. Serum 25-OH vitamin D was measured using ELISA, and musculoskeletal health was assessed through grip strength testing, self-reported pain scores, and a structured musculoskeletal symptom checklist. Dietary calcium intake, skin colour, clothing habits, and sun exposure duration were recorded as potential confounders. Calcium, phosphate, and parathyroid hormone levels were also measured. The study challenges the assumption that individuals in equatorial regions maintain adequate vitamin D status. Farming populations in this region may be at risk due to heavy clothing practices and inadequate dietary vitamin D sources. Findings will provide evidence for vitamin D supplementation strategies in rural agricultural communities and will contribute to the epidemiology of vitamin D deficiency in North West Nigeria. Keywords: vitamin D deficiency, musculoskeletal health, 25-OH vitamin D, farmers, Kebbi State.