Assessment of Windstorm Hazard and Structural Vulnerability in Rural Communities of Zamfara State

Windstorms associated with squall lines are among the most destructive meteorological hazards affecting rural communities across Nigeria's North West zone, causing catastrophic damage to traditional building structures with minimal warning. This study assesses windstorm hazard characteristics and structural vulnerability in selected rural communities of Zamfara State. Maximum wind gust data from NiMet's Gusau synoptic station covering 2015 to 2023 were analyzed to characterize the frequency distribution of extreme wind events, while synoptic-scale analysis of severe squall line events was performed using archived NiMet radar and surface analysis products. Structural vulnerability assessments of 300 rural buildings across Kaura Namoda, Shinkafi, and Maru LGAs were conducted using a standardized building vulnerability protocol classifying structures by roof type, wall construction material, and foundation depth. Results show that wind gusts exceeding 25 metres per second occur on an average of 12 days per year, predominantly between March and June. Structural assessment reveals that 74 percent of surveyed rural buildings fall in the highest vulnerability category, primarily due to lightweight corrugated iron roofing secured with inadequate fastening systems. Cross-reference of high vulnerability zones with windstorm frequency maps identifies four communities as requiring priority intervention. Recommendations include a community windstorm preparedness program and building code amendments for rural construction in Zamfara State. Keywords: windstorm, structural vulnerability, Zamfara, squall line, rural communities.